Estudio comparativo del nivel de riesgo entre los cultivos de granos, frutales y hortalizas, 1980-2003

Este artículo presenta un estudio comparativo de la varianza del ingreso entre tres grupos de productos agrícolas, granos, frutales y hortalizas, a partir del empleo de la metodología de conformación de portafolios de inversión. Cada grupo de cultivos fue considerado como una cartera de inversión. Se observó que la variación del ingreso en frutales y hortalizas es mayor que la de granos para el periodo en estudio; por ejemplo, la varianza estimada para los cultivos de granos resultó de 0.1498, de 0.5374 en frutales y de 0.1604 en hortalizas. Por lo tanto, se sostiene que la inversión en la producción de frutales y hortalizas resulta más riesgosa en comparación con la realizada en granos.Este artículo presenta un estudio comparativo de la varianza del ingreso entre tres grupos de productos agrícolas, granos, frutales y hortalizas, a partir del empleo de la metodología de conformación de portafolios de inversión. Cada grupo de cultivos fue considerado como una cartera de inversión. Se observó que la variación del ingreso en frutales y hortalizas es mayor que la de granos para el periodo en estudio; por ejemplo, la varianza estimada para los cultivos de granos resultó de 0.1498, de 0.5374 en frutales y de 0.1604 en hortalizas. Por lo tanto, se sostiene que la inversión en la producción de frutales y hortalizas resulta más riesgosa en comparación con la realizada en granos

A Formal Definition of Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium for Extensive Games

Often, perfect bayesian equilibrium is loosely defined by stating that players should be sequentially rational given some beliefs in which Bayes rule is applied “whenever possible”. We show that there are games in which it is not clear what “whenever possible” means. Then, we provide a simple definition of perfect bayesian equilibrium for general extensive games that refines both weak perfect equilibrium and subgame perfect equilibrium.non-cooperative game theory, equilibrium concepts, perfect bayesian, Bayes rule.

The Wine Attributes with the Greatest Influence in the Process of Consumer Choice in Spain

The commercialisation of wine in Spain is problematic due to two concrete circumstances: the decrease in wine consumption because of a consumer shift toward substitute drinks and the greater presence of national and foreign wine in the interior market, which involves an increase in business competitiveness. The increase in competitiveness of quality Spanish wine depends on producing enterprises’ knowledge of wine consumer preferences so they can offer consumers what they demand. In order to respond to this matter and better adapt supply, 421 wine consumers were surveyed using the Best-Worst Scaling methodology. Various segmentations were also made by consumer income and age groups. The results indicate that the two main attributes which condition consumers in choosing wine are the region of origin and having tasted it previously. The region of origin attribute is valued in general by consumers over 34 years old who have a monthly family income above 1,500 €. The attribute of having tasted it before, which on many occasions is associated with the price attribute, is valued particularly by younger consumers and those with lower incomes.Consumer behaviour, Wine attributes, Food Marketing, Consumer/Household Economics,

Scaling of distributions of sums of positions for chaotic dynamics at band-splitting points

The stationary distributions of sums of positions of trajectories generated by the logistic map have been found to follow a basic renormalization group (RG) structure: a nontrivial fixed-point multi-scale distribution at the period-doubling onset of chaos and a Gaussian trivial fixed-point distribution for all chaotic attractors. Here we describe in detail the crossover distributions that can be generated at chaotic band-splitting points that mediate between the aforementioned fixed-point distributions. Self affinity in the chaotic region imprints scaling features to the crossover distributions along the sequence of band splitting points. The trajectories that give rise to these distributions are governed first by the sequential formation of phase-space gaps when, initially uniformly-distributed, sets of trajectories evolve towards the chaotic band attractors. Subsequently, the summation of positions of trajectories already within the chaotic bands closes those gaps. The possible shapes of the resultant distributions depend crucially on the disposal of sets of early positions in the sums and the stoppage of the number of terms retained in them